Ref HAL: tel-02485748_v1
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Comprendre et soigner les pathologies respiratoires chroniques constituent des enjeux médicaux croissants du fait des modifications de nos modes de vie et de notre environnement. L’épithélium des voies respiratoires assure le rôle de première barrière contre les agressions extérieures grâce à la fonction muco-ciliaire. Les deux éléments fonctionnels de la fonction muco-ciliaire sont la couche de mucus sécrétée par l’épithélium et le battement des cils des cellules ciliées qui contribue à la mise en mouvement de cette couche et à son évacuation des bronches. Le mucus est un fluide complexe et hétérogène et ses propriétés mécaniques couplées aux mécanismes de coordination des cils restent encore mal compris. Mes travaux de thèse ont porté sur une approche biophysique de ces mécanismes. Premièrement, l’étude de la rhéologie du mucus a été menée à deux échelles : en macro-rhéologie de cisaillement et par micro-rhéologie active grâce aux pincettes optiques. Les pincettes optiques permettent également des mesures in situ sur le tissu et des mesures d’adhésion. L’utilisation de la rhéologie comme marqueur des pathologies respiratoires chroniques a été explorée. Deuxièmement, la quantification et la compréhension de la coordination spatiotemporelle de l’activité ciliaire et du transport du mucus engendré ont été conduites, en développant un nouvel outil de traitement d’images de vidéo-microscopie et d’analyse de données.

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DOI: 10.1201/b21806
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Hard and soft proteins at fluid interfaces

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PMID 31774332
DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0263LE
WoS: 000499728500020
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Ref Arxiv: 1812.06484
DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01172b
WoS: WOS:000493519700010
Ref. & Cit.: NASA ADS
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1 Citation
Résumé:

Cells and tissues have the remarkable ability to actively generate the forces required to change theirshape. This active mechanical behavior is largely mediated by the actin cytoskeleton, a crosslinkednetwork of actin filaments that is contracted by myosin motors. Experiments and active gel theorieshave established that the length scale over which gel contraction occurs is governed by a balancebetween molecular motor activity and crosslink density. By contrast, the dynamics that govern thecontractile activity of the cytoskeleton remain poorly understood. Here we investigate the microscopicdynamics of reconstituted actin–myosin networks using simultaneous real-space video microscopy andFourier-space dynamic light scattering. Light scattering reveals different regimes of microscopicdynamics as a function of sample age. We uncover two dynamical precursors that precede macroscopicgel contraction. One is characterized by a progressive acceleration of stress-induced rearrangements,while the other consists of sudden, heterogeneous rearrangements. Intriguingly, our findings suggest aqualitative analogy between self-driven rupture and collapse of active gels and the delayed rupture ofpassive gels observed in earlier studies of colloidal gels under external loads.

Ref HAL: hal-02344464_v1
Ref Arxiv: 2011.07825
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50164-6
WoS: WOS:000487586600003
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7 Citations
Résumé:

The peculiar linear temperature-dependent swelling of core-shell microgels has been conjectured to be linked to the core-shell architecture combining materials of different transition temperatures. Here the structure of pNIPMAM-core and pNNPAM-shell microgels in water is studied as a function of temperature using small-angle neutron scattering with selective deuteration. Photon correlation spectroscopy is used to scrutinize the swelling behaviour of the colloidal particles and reveals linear swelling. Moreover, these experiments are also employed to check the influence of deuteration on swelling. Using a form free multi-shell reverse Monte Carlo approach, the small-angle scattering data are converted into radial monomer density profiles. The comparison of ‘core-only’ particles consisting of identical cores to fully hydrogenated core-shell microgels, and finally to H core/D shell architectures unambiguously shows that core and shell monomers display gradient profiles with strong interpenetration, leading to cores embedded in shells which are bigger than their isolated ‘core only’ precursor particles. This surprising result is further generalized to different core cross linker contents, for temperature ranges encompassing both transitions. Our analysis demonstrates that the internal structure of pNIPMAM-core and pNNPAM-shell microgels is heterogeneous and strongly interpenetrated, presumably allowing only progressive core swelling at temperatures intermediate to both transition temperatures, thus promoting linear swelling behaviour.

Ref HAL: hal-02341812_v1
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b05798
WoS: 000493865700022
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2 Citations
Résumé:

We have investigated the wetting and surface diffusion of mesoporous colloidal silica particles at the water surface and the adsorption of cationic cetyltrimethylammonium (CTA+) surfactant on these particles. Porous silica colloids diffuse at the surface of water and in the volume, interacting with cationic surfactants that can adsorb inside the pores of the particles. We observed that surfactant adsorption on mesoporous silica depends dramatically not only on the particle pore size but also on specific counterion effects. We measured striking differences both on a macroscopic property of the interface, i.e., surface tension, and also at a single particle level by evaluating the translational diffusion of partially wetted particles at the fluid interface. We varied the pore size from 2 to 7 nm and explored the effects of ions possessing different hydration number and kosmotropic/chaotropic character. At concentrations lower than the critical micellar concentration, we evidence that cationic surfactants adsorb on silica as surface micelles and surfactant adsorption inside the pores occurs only if the pore diameter is larger than the size of surface micelles. With a view to understand the surprising different adsorption behavior of CTA+OH– and CTA+Br– on porous silica particles, we investigated the effect of counterions on the surfactant adsorption on porous silica colloids by tuning the pH and the counterion properties.