A set of 55 clarinet reeds is observed by holography, collecting 2 series of measurements made under 2 different moisture contents, from which the resonance frequencies of the 15 first modes are deduced. A statistical analysis of the results reveals good correlations, but also significant differences between both series. Within a given series, flexural modes are not strongly correlated. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) shows that the measurements of each series can be described with 3 factors capturing more than $90\%$ of the variance: the first is linked with transverse modes, the second with flexural modes of high order and the third with the first flexural mode. A forth factor is necessary to take into account the individual sensitivity to moisture content. Numerical 3D simulations are conducted by Finite Element Method, based on a given reed shape and an orthotropic model. A sensitivity analysis revels that, besides the density, the theoretical frequencies depend mainly on 2 parameters: $E_L$ and $G_{LT}$. An approximate analytical formula is proposed to calculate the resonance frequencies as a function of these 2 parameters. The discrepancy between the observed frequencies and those calculated with the analytical formula suggests that the elastic moduli of the measured reeds are frequency dependent. A viscoelastic model is then developed, whose parameters are computed as a linear combination from 4 orthogonal components, using a standard least squares fitting procedure and leading to an objective characterization of the material properties of the cane \textit{Arundo donax}.

In this paper the mechanism behind the stabilization of Pickering emulsions by stacked catanionic micro-crystals is described. A temperature-quench of mixtures of oppositely charged surfactants (catanionics) and tetradecane from above the chain melting temperature to room temperature produces stable oil-in-water (o/w) Pickering emulsions in the absence of Ostwald ripening. The oil droplets are decorated by stacks of crystalline discs. The stacking of these discs is controlled by charge regulation as derived from conductivity, scattering and zeta potential measurements. Catanionic nanodiscs are ideal solid particles to stabilize Pickering emulsions since they present no density difference and a structural surface charge which is controlled by the molar ratio between anionic and cationic components. The contact angle of catanionic nanodiscs at a water/oil interface is also controlled by the non-stoichiometry of the components. The resulting energy of adhesion and the repulsion between droplets is much larger than kT. As a consequence of these unique properties of nanodiscs, this type of emulsions presents an extremely high resistance towards coalescence and creaming, even in the presence of salt.

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are double strand RNA fragments of short sequence ([similar]20 bp). RNA interference came into focus only 13 years ago as a major biological breakthrough and, since then, many studies have described the involvement of siRNA in gene silencing. Application to gene therapy is extremely promising, provided that appropriate vectors are used. Optimising transfection efficacy strongly relies on the knowledge and tuning of physicochemical properties of transfection complexes, such as size, surface charge and internal interactions, which govern in vitro and in vivo stability. Here we report a study on siRNA complexation with micelles of two types of divalent cationic surfactants, i.e. three Gemini bis(quaternary ammonium) bromide with variable spacer length (12-3-12, 12-6-12, 12-12-12) and one weak electrolyte surfactant with a triazine polar head. The process of complex formation was followed by SANS, DLS and zeta potential. Charge density on micelles and counterion exchange were key factors in determining the extent of complexation, as it happens to polymer electrolytes interacting with micelles. A description of complex formation was given in terms of liquid-liquid micro-phase separation, due to internally structured coacervates progressively nucleating from the micelle solution upon siRNA addition. An affinity order between surfactants and siRNA could be established on the basis of the obtained results and their comparison.

Crack tips in silica glass in moist atmosphere are filled with an equilibrium liquid condensation of a few hundred nanometers length. Not only does this local environment affect the chemistry of slow crack propagation by stress corrosion, but it also has an important mechanical effect due to its highly negative Laplace pressure. The present article presents an original technique for measuring the physical properties of the liquid condensation in terms of the Laplace pressure and critical condensation distance. This is achieved by combining in situ atomic force microscopy measurements of the condensate length and optical determination of the crack closure threshold in a double cleavage drilled compression specimen.

An assembly of packed and oriented rodlike particles exhibit anisotropic physical properties. We investigate in the present work the anisotropic conductivity of films made of intrinsically conducting rods. These films are obtained from more or less ordered carbon nanotube liquid crystals. Their orientational order parameter is measured by polarized Raman spectroscopy. A relationship between the anisotropy of surface conductivity and orientational order parameter is determined. The experimental results are accounted for by a model that takes into account the number of intertube contacts and density of conductive pathways in different directions, as introduced by J. Fischer et al. for magnetically aligned nanotubes. We find that a good agreement, without any fitting parameter, of the proposed model and experiments is obtained when we consider a two-dimensional (2D) Gaussian distribution of the nanotube orientation. The conductivities parallel and perpendicular to the nematic director differ by almost an order of magnitude. This anisotropy is much greater than that of conventional dielectric liquid crystals, where the behavior is governed by the mobility anisotropy of ionic current carriers. The present results do not depend on the intrinsic properties of the nanotubes and are expected to be relevant for other assemblies of conducting rodlike particles, such as metallic or semi-conducting nanowires and ribbons.

Using a uniaxial deformation setup, we show that the free surface of an homogeneous elastic material is unstable under compression: parallel grooves nucleate orthogonally to the direction of compression when a characteristic stretch ratio a* is reached. We measure experimentally the variation of a* as well as the wavelength of the grooves as a function of the thickness h(0) of the material. All data collapse on single curves when normalizing h(0) by a characteristic length which is the ratio of the surface tension to the shear modulus of the material. This length scale acts as a regularization parameter for the system. We introduce a theoretical model that captures well the features of the instability. The observed nucleation-like process for the grooves development suggests that the instability is subcritical.

We present a new technique that combines off-axis Digital Holography and Dark Field Microscopy to track 100nm gold particles diffusing in water. We show that a single hologram is sufficient to localize several particles in a thick sample with a localization accuracy independent of the particle position. From our measurements we reconstruct the trajectories of the particles and derive their 3D diffusion coefficient. Our results pave the way for quantitative studies of the motion of single nanoparticle in complex media.