Active colloids are an emerging and promising class of colloidal particles, which are designed to perform autonomous motion as biological microswimmers by transforming chemical or other form of energies into work and propulsion. When the particle size is about a micrometer or smaller, the directional propulsion competes with the translational and rotational Brownian motion. Here we explore the possibility of enhancing the directional motion of self-propelled Janus colloids by slowing down their rotational diffusion.We have investigated the active motion of self-propelled colloids confined at the air-water interface. The two dimensional motion of micron-sized Silica-Platinum Janus colloids has been experimentally measured by particle tracking video-microscopy under increasing concentration of the catalytic fuel, i.e. H2O2. Comparing to the motion in bulk, a dramatic enhancement of both the persistence length of trajectories and the speed has been observed. The interplay of colloid self-propulsion, due to an asymmetric catalytic reaction occurring on the colloid, and interfacial frictions controls the enhancement of the directional movement. The slowing down of the rotational diffusion at the interface, also measured experimentally, plays a pivotal role in the control and enhancement of active motion.

We have investigated the active motion of self-propelled colloids confined at the air–water interface and explored the possibility of enhancing the directional motion of self-propelled Janus colloids by slowing down their rotational diffusion. The two dimensional motion of micron-sized silica–platinum Janus colloids has been experimentally measured by particle tracking video-microscopy at increasing concentrations of the catalytic fuel, i.e. H2O2. Compared to the motion in the bulk, a dramatic enhancement of both the persistence length of trajectories and the speed has been observed. The interplay of colloid self-propulsion, due to an asymmetric catalytic reaction occurring on the colloid, surface properties and interfacial frictions controls the enhancement of the directional movement. The slowing down of the rotational diffusion at the interface, also measured experimentally, plays a pivotal role in the control and enhancement of active motion.

The dynamics of colloidal particles at interfaces between two fluids plays a central role in microrheology, encapsulation, emulsification, biofilm formation, water remediation and the interface-driven assembly of materials. Common intuition corroborated by hydrodynamic theories, suggests that such dynamics is governed by a viscous force lower than that observed in the more viscous fluid. Here, we show experimentally that a particle straddling an air/water interface feels a large viscous drag that is unexpectedly larger than that measured in the bulk. We suggest that such a result arises from thermally activated fluctuations of the interface at the solid/air/liquid triple line and their coupling to the particle drag through the fluctuation–dissipation theorem. Our findings should inform approaches for improved control of the kinetically driven assembly of anisotropic particles with a large triple-line-length/particle-size ratio, and help to understand the formation and structure of such arrested materials.

Active colloids are an emerging and promising class of colloidal particles, which are designed to perform autonomous motion by transforming chemical or other form of energies into work and propulsion.Here, we have investigated the active motion of self-propelled colloids confined at the air-water interface. The two dimensional motion of micron-sized Silica-Platinum Janus colloids has been experimentally measured by particle tracking video-microscopy under increasing concentration of the catalytic fuel, i.e. H2O2. Comparing to the motion in bulk, a dramatic enhancement of both the persistence length of trajectories and the speed has been observed. The interplay of colloid self-propulsion, due to an asymmetric catalytic reaction occurring on the colloid, and interfacial frictions controls the enhancement of the directional movement. The slowing down of the rotational diffusion at the interface, also measured experimentally, plays a pivotal role in the control and enhancement of active motion.

to reversible liquid-crystal like ordering. We can expect strong induced birefringence and dichroism depending on dielectric properties of the suspension [1]. In general, colloids are stabilized with ionic surfactants. Colloids alignment along the electric field thus occurs through the reorganization of ions at the particle/solvent interface. In the case of metallic particles, ordering will be achieved through the intrinsic conductivity of the particles. Among the metallic particles, plasmonic ones, like gold nanoparticles, exhibit a transverse localized surface plasmon mode and a longitudinal one, whose resonance red-shift depends on the aspect ratio (AR) of the nanoparticle. The larger the aspect ratio is, the stronger should be their optical anisotropy [2]. It is thus of interest to create reversible ordering of gold nanoparticles as their localized surface plasmon properties make them appealing for applications like bio-sensing or metamaterials.In this work, we study two kinds of particles: gold nanorods (GNRs) dispersed in water with an aspect ratio AR ≈10 (Φ=10nm) and new ultrathin gold nanowires (GNWs) dispersed in hexane with an AR up to 1000 (Φ=1.5nm) [3].With our recently developed electro-optic setup [1], we measure the birefringence induced in the sample by short pulses of high-frequency electric field. We study also the field-induced dichroism of the suspensions, using the same sample, sealed in a flat optical glass capillary, and the same experimental setup, mounted either on a polarizing microscope or on a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. In our experimental setup, the electrodes are placed outside the sample. In this configuration, they do not interact with the suspension avoiding electrophoretic effect.We observed alignment of both GNRs and GNWs along the applied electric field. Time responses of GNRs to the electric field are of the order of the millisecond and of more than 10 ms for GNWs. The saturated voltage is 4 times smaller in this last case compared to GNRs. Those results are in agreement with a change in the aspect ratio. In the visible range, birefringence appears negative as theoretically predicted [2]. More surprising, in both cases, a positive linear dichroism is revealed in the optical visible range. On the contrary, we expect a negative dichroism (ie extinction higher for polarization perpendicular to the electric field), while in this frequency range we are sensitive to the transverse mode of the plasmon band [4]. Spectroscopic measurements of the absorbance confirm this result but show in addition that the longitudinal mode is well polarized along the electric field: absorbance increases (decreasing) with the applied electric field for a polarization parallel (perpendicular) to this field. This suggests that the transverse mode is less sensitive to polarization than the longitudinal one (figure 1). This may arise from partial alignment causing light depolarization.Figure : 1. Absorbance spectra of Gold NanoRods suspension for light polarization perpendicular to the electric field. Reference spectrum has been recorded from the isotropic state. 2. Gold NanoWire fibers oriented at 45° between crossed polarizers.Concerning GNWs, similarly to carbon nanotubes, we observe their progressive assembly into fibers strictly oriented along the electric field due long range dipolar interaction. Those fibers appear highly birefringent between crossed polarizers (figure2.). Their properties and the way to control their growth are under investigation.Acknowledgement: This work is supported by the ANR (France) through the grant NASTAROD.[1] I. Dozov, et al., “Electric field induced perfect anti-nematic order in isotropic suspension of nautral clay”, J. Phys. Chem. B Vol. 115, 7751-7765 (2011).[2] NG. Klebhstov , “Anisotropic properties of plasmonic nanoparticles: birefringence, dicroism and depolarisation ratio.”, J. of Nanophot. Vol. 4, 041587-041604 (2010).[3] A. Loubat , et al., “Growth and self assembly of ultrathin gold nanowire into expanded hexagonal superlattice studied by in situ SAXS”, Lang. Vol. 115, 7751-7765 (2014).[4] BMI Van der Zande, JJM Koper, HNW. Lekkerkerker, “Alignement of rod shaped gold particles by electric fields”, J. Phys. Chem. B, Vol. 103, 5754-5760 (1999).

Aqueous colloidal suspensions of goethite have attracted much attention by their outstanding magnetic properties [1]. In both the isotropic and the nematic phase of these suspensions the goethite particles align either parallel to the field (at low field strength) or perpendicular to it (in high fields). The goethite particles orient easily also in electric fields [2], showing strong induced birefringence and short response times, making them attractive for potential applications.Here we study the electric field induced order in the isotropic phase of the goethite suspensions in water and other polar solvents. In our recently developed electro-optic setup [3] we measure the birefringence induced in the sample by short pulses of high frequency electric field. However, due to the strong absorption of the goethite particles and their high specific birefringence, the precision of the measurements is not satisfactory in the case of high volume fractions, >1%. To resolve this problem, we study also the field induced dichroism of the suspensions, using the same sample, sealed in a flat optical glass capillary, and the same experimental setup, mounted on a polarizing microscope. The good agreement between the induced order parameter values measured by the two techniques (see Figure 1) demonstrates that the dichroism is a useful alternative when a direct measurement of the birefringence is impractical. Moreover, in some cases the dichroism gives more information, because the two independent components of the absorption are measured separately, and not only their difference (as in the birefringence case). Indeed, the isotropic part of the absorption is a useful local probe for the volume fraction of the particles in inhomogeneous samples, and also it enables to measure the induced order parameter even when the light propagates parallel to the field (in polarised or unpolarised light). We discuss potential technological applications of the field induced order in the isotropic phase of colloidal suspensions and the required improvement of the materials for their practical realization.Acknowledgement: This work is supported by the ANR (France) through the grant NASTAROD. Figure 1: Field-induced order parameter in 1.0 % aqueous goethite suspension.References: [1]B. J. Lemaire, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 125507 (2002).[2]B. J. Lemaire, et al., Eur. Phys. J. E 13, 309-319 (2004).[3]I. Dozov, et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 115, 7751-7765 (2011).