Plastic pollution has become a worldwide concern. It was demonstrated that plastic breaks down to nanoscale particles in the environment, forming so-called nanoplastics. It is important to understand their ecological impact, but their structure is not elucidated. In this original work, we characterize the microstructure of oceanic polyethylene debris and compare them to the nonweathered objects. Cross-sections are analysed by several emergent mapping techniques. We highlight deep modifications of the debris within a layer a few hundred microns thick. The most 2 intense modifications are macromolecule oxidation and a considerable decrease in the molecular weight. The adsorption of organic pollutants and trace metals is also confined to this outer layer. Fragmentation of the oxidized layer of the plastic debris is the most likely source of nanoplastics. Consequently nanoplastic chemical nature differ greatly from plastics.

The antagonistic effect of processing and thermal annealing on both the filler structure and the polymer matrix is explored in polymer nanocomposites based on natural rubber with precipitated silica incorporated by coagulation from aqueous suspension followed by roll-milling. Their structure and linear and non-linear rheology have been studied, with a particular emphasis on the effect of high temperature thermal treatment and the number of milling passes. Small-angle X-ray scattering intensities show that the silica is organized in small, unbreakable aggregates containing ca. 50 primary nanoparticles, which are reorganized on a larger scale in filler networks percolating at the highest silica contents. As expected, the filler network structure is found to be sensitive to milling, more milling inducing rupture, as evidenced by the decreasing Payne effect. After thermal treatment, the nanocomposite structure is found to be rejuvenated, erasing the effect of the previous milling on the low-strain modulus. In parallel, the dynamics of the samples described by the rheology or the calorimetric glass-transition temperature remain unchanged, whereas the natural latex polymer network structure is modified by milling towards a more fluid-like rheology, and cannot be recovered.

We investigate the linear viscoelasticity of polymer gels produced by the dispersion of gluten proteins in water:ethanol binary mixtures with various ethanol contents, from pure water to 60% v/v ethanol. We show that the complex viscoelasticity of the gels exhibits a time/solvent composition superposition principle, demonstrating the self-similarity of the gels produced in different binary solvents. All gels can be regarded as near critical gels with characteristic rheological parameters, elastic plateau and characteristic relaxation time, which are related one to another, as a consequence of self-similarity, and span several orders of magnitude when changing the solvent composition. Thanks to calorimetry and neutron scattering experiments, we evidencea co-solvency effect with a better solvation of the complex polymer-like chains of the gluten proteins as the amount of ethanol increases. Overall the gel viscoelasticity can be accounted for by a unique characteristic length characterizing the crosslink density of the supramolecular network, which is solvent composition-dependent. On a molecular level, these findings could be interpreted as a transition of the supramolecular interactions, mainly H-bonds, from intra- to interchains, which would be facilitated by the disruption of hydrophobic interactions by ethanol molecules. This work provides new insight for tailoring the gelation process of complex polymer gels.

Although the existence of the twist-bend (NTB) and splay-bend (NSB) nematic phases was predicted long ago, only the former has as yet been observed experimentally, whereas the latter remains elusive. This is especially disappointing because the NSB nematic is promising for applications in electro-optic devices. By applying an electric field to a planar cell filled with the compound CB7CB, we have found an NTB-NSB phase transition using birefringence measurements. This field-induced transition to the biaxial NSB occurred, although the field was applied along the symmetry axis of the macroscopically uniaxial NTB. Therefore, this transition is a counterintuitive example of breaking of the macroscopic uniaxial symmetry. We show by theoretical modeling that the transition cannot be explained without considering explicitly the biaxiality of both phases at the microscopic scale. This strongly suggests that molecular biaxiality should be a key factor favoring the stability of the NSB phase.

In this article, we review both theoretical models and experimental results on the motion of micro-and nano-particles that are close to a fluid interface or move in between two fluids. Viscous drags together with dissipations due to fluctuations of the fluid interface and its physicochemical properties affect strongly the translational and rotational drags of colloidal particles, which are subjected to Brownian motion in thermal equilibrium. Even if many theoretical and experimental investigations have been carried out, additional scientific efforts in hydrodynamics, statistical physics, wetting and colloid science are still needed to explain unexpected experimental results and to measure particle motion in time and space scales, which are not accessible so far.

Industrial and model polymer nanocomposites are often formulated with coating agents to improve polymer-nanoparticle (NP) compatibility. Here the localization of silane coating agents in styrene-butadiene nanocomposite is investigated through the segmental dynamics of the polymer matrix by broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS), allowing the detection of silanes in the matrix through their plasticization effect. This acceleration of dynamics was followed via the shift of τmax of the α-relaxation induced by the presence of coating agents of different molecular weight and quantity, for different amounts of incorporated colloidal silica NPs (R ≈ 12.5 nm, polydispersity 12%). Any noteworthy contribution of interfacial polymer layers on τmax has been excluded by reference measurements with bare NPs. Our approach allowed quantifying the partition between the matrix and the NP interfaces, and was confirmed independently by calorimetry. As a control parameter, the silane grafting reaction could be activated or not, which was confirmed by the absence (resp. presence) of partitioning with the matrix. Our main result is that in the first steps of material formulation, before any grafting reaction, coating agents both cover the silica surface by adsorption and mix with the polymer matrix-in particular if the latter has chemical compatibility via its functional groups. Silane adsorption was found to be comparable to the grafted amount (1.1 nm-2), and does not increase further, confirming that the plateau of the adsorption isotherm is reached in industrial formulations. These results are hoped to contribute to a better understanding of the surface reactions taking place during complex formulation processes of nanocomposites, namely the exact amounts at stake, e.g., in industrial mixers. Final material properties are affected both through NP-matrix compatibility and plasticization of the latter by unreacted molecules. 2